FROZEN SHOULDER

source: PhysioRoom.com

• Codman first described 'Frozen Shoulder' in 1934, although the condition had frustrated patients and doctors for centuries before this.
• Most commonly affects people between 40-60, with women affected more than men.
• The non-dominant shoulder appears to be affected more than the dominant shoulder.
• In 1945, Nevasier used the term 'Adhesive capsulitis' and described the pathology as being characterized by adhesions and contractures of the fibrous capsule that surrounds the shoulder joint. While other conditions can produce a stiff and painful shoulder, frozen shoulder is characterized by adhesions of the capsule.
• To date the cause of frozen shoulder has not been worked out, although it is associated with other medical problems such as diabetes, thyroid problems and a history of previous heart attack.

• Those patients with frozen shoulder usually experience distinct phases with differing signs and symptoms.
• The first phase is referred to as the 'Freezing phase'. During this phase pain comes on slowly and leads to a gradual loss in shoulder movement. Some patients may not notice anything until they struggle to, say, fasten a bra or comb their hair. Eventually, over the space of a couple of months, the pain becomes so severe that it interferes with sleep because there is an exquisite pain when attempting to lie on the affected shoulder.
• The second phase is referred to as the 'Frozen phase' due to the continued restriction of shoulder movement, which can last for up to a year.
• The final phase is referred to as the 'Thawing phase'. This can take anywhere between 5 months and two years, although some patients can experience a more rapid recovery. During this time there is a gradual increase in shoulder range of motion.
• As it is the soft tissues, specifically the capsule, that is affected by frozen shoulder, X-Rays are clear. However, they are useful in distinguishing the problem from shoulder arthritis and calcific tendinopathy. The main diagnostic characteristic of frozen shoulder is decreased joint capsule volume (the fluid in the shoulder joint is decreased) when an arthrography is performed (an investigation whereby a liquid medium or dye is injected into the joint space).
• The normal fluid volume of the shoulder is around 30 cubic cm, but during arthrography in frozen shoulder the joint will only take 10 cubic cm of dye. Another characteristic of frozen shoulder is the loss of the 'axillary fold' of the capsule on the arthrograph itself. It hasn't gone anywhere, it has merely 'stuck to itself' and can't be seen as a result.

• Conservative treatment in the form of physiotherapy is the first option for adhesive capsulitis. The main aim of physiotherapy treatment is to gently stretch the shoulder joint capsule. This is achieved through performing passive mobilizations which are done at various points in the range of shoulder movement. In addition, the patient must keep up a regular active stretching program to gently improve shoulder range of movement. All this stretching should be pain free.
• Some evidence suggests that more aggressive shoulder mobilization in conjunction with local anesthetic and corticosteroid injections can provide pain relief and restore shoulder range of movement.
• If the arm can't be lifted to the level of the shoulder after three months then manipulation under anesthetic (MUA) by an orthopedic consultant may be appropriate. Following the procedure, the affected arm is held 'abducted' away from the trunk in order to maintain range of movement. The day after the MUA, the patient must begin a series of active exercises to restore the full range of motion. If these conservative measures fail then surgery may be indicated to release the adhesions and restore range of movement.